Classic and Contemporary Poetry: Explained

"England," a poem written by Andrew Lang, is a work deeply entrenched in a sense of nationalism and fervor. The poem was written during the late 19th century, a period that marked the zenith of the British Empire, characterized by significant global influence and expansion.

Theme Analysis:

The poem centers around themes of patriotism, honor, and national identity, invoking historical and cultural symbols to illustrate England's greatness. Lang references Admiral Nelson, an iconic British naval hero, and General Charles Gordon, who became a symbol of courage and duty. Both figures are used to convey the idealized notions of bravery, self-sacrifice, and devotion to the nation.

The poem simultaneously presents a critique of the contemporary perception of England. Lang laments the diminishing respect for the nation's name and heritage, implying a generational disconnect and a decay of national pride. He attributes this to societal changes, perhaps referring to the industrialization and urbanization transforming the English landscape and lifestyle.

Provenance and Context:

Given Lang's Scottish roots, his perspective on England is particularly intriguing, providing an outsider's admiration for the nation's historical significance and accomplishments. The Victorian Era, during which Lang penned this poem, was a period of intense nationalism, fueled by the Empire's expansion and the spread of industrialization. This period also saw shifts in social and political attitudes, and Lang's lament could be a response to these changes.

Poetic Devices:

Lang utilizes various poetic devices to enrich his poem. The use of allusion, particularly historical allusions to Nelson and Gordon, gives the poem a sense of gravitas and historical depth, linking the present with the past and the continuity of national identity.

The poem is structured in four quatrains with an ABAB rhyme scheme, which gives it a rhythmical and formal feel. This is fitting, considering the solemn and serious nature of its content.

Lang employs personification, as seen in the final stanza, where he speaks of being "deaf to the mountains and the sea." This serves to emphasize the deep connection between the land and its people, and the collective national identity they form.

Powerful, emotive language is also used throughout the poem to evoke feelings of patriotism and a sense of loss. Phrases like "hearts leaped up," "our men arose to die," and "hail 'England' as a word of scorn" make the emotional stakes of the poem clear, eliciting a reaction from the reader.

In conclusion, "England" by Andrew Lang is a thought-provoking exploration of national identity, historical legacy, and changing societal attitudes. Lang successfully uses historical allusions, personification, and emotive language to illustrate his themes and engage the reader, making "England" a potent piece of patriotic poetry.

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