Classic and Contemporary Poetry: Explained

In Charles Baudelaire's "Lesbos," the poet immerses us in an evocative landscape that serves as a metaphorical space to explore sensuality, societal norms, and the dichotomies of pleasure and pain. The poem is laden with historical and mythological references, situating Lesbos as the "Mother of the Roman games and Greek pleasures." This setting becomes a canvas upon which Baudelaire paints a vivid picture of eros and its complexities. The island is portrayed as a haven of indulgence, where kisses are "Burning as suns or cool as watermelons," a place teeming with both feverish excitement and cooling respite.

But this indulgence comes at a price. The "kisses" are described as "fresh torrents" that plunge "down bottomless abysses." They are chaotic, "sobbing and cackling fitfully," which hints at an underlying emotional turmoil beneath the surface pleasures. The poem links this complex emotional landscape to historical figures like Phryne and Sappho, figures emblematic of beauty and lyrical mastery. Venus herself might "be jealous of Sappho," suggests Baudelaire, as if the human capacity for complex emotion can surpass even divine jealousy.

The mention of Plato serves as a nod to the philosophical discourses on morality and love, perhaps questioning the rigid delineations between acceptable and unacceptable forms of desire. "What have laws of right and wrong to do with us?" the poet exclaims, pushing the boundaries of societal norms. Yet, the "eternal martyrdom" also implies a ceaseless internal struggle. Lesbos is a place that "never lets us see the radiant smile/We have glimpsed on the shores of other skies!" It is a place that offers no final resolution, only a relentless cycling through contrasting states of agony and ecstasy.

Further complicating this portrayal is Baudelaire's identification with Sappho, whom he describes as "the male Sappho, the lover and poet." In this empathetic alignment, Baudelaire grapples with his own tortured creative process and emotional experiences. Sappho, the great poet of antiquity, becomes a symbol of the intersection between love, suffering, and artistry-a union that Baudelaire finds in his own life as well.

The poem culminates in a vivid imagining of Sappho's final moments, highlighting the torment that accompanies her indulgence and impiety. Her tragic end serves as the source of Lesbos's eternal mourning, a wailing that "escapes from her empty shores." This sorrow, then, becomes the byproduct of the island's-and by extension, humanity's-unbridled emotional complexities.

"Lesbos" is a profoundly intricate work, a tableau where historical, mythological, and personal elements coalesce to depict the ambivalence of human passion. It reminds us that places like Lesbos exist not just as geographical locations but as emotional landscapes, complex terrains where the ecstasy of love, the agony of loss, and the perplexities of moral quandaries are eternally entwined.