Classic and Contemporary Poetry: Explained

In "Likewise," Langston Hughes examines the interactions between the Jewish merchants and the Black residents of Harlem, reflecting on the complex dynamics of commerce, cultural coexistence, and the shared experiences of marginalization. Through a mixture of straightforward observations, cultural commentary, and rhythmic language, Hughes delves into the subtle tensions and potential commonalities between these two communities.

The poem begins with a direct listing of items associated with Jewish merchants in Harlem: "Groceries / Suits / Fruits / Watches / Diamond rings / THE DAILY NEWS." This list captures the everyday transactions that define the relationship between the Jewish shop owners and their Black customers. These are the tangible goods that facilitate a connection between the two groups, albeit one rooted in economic exchange rather than deep personal interaction.

Hughes then observes, "Jews sell me things." This simple statement underscores the transactional nature of the relationship, highlighting how Jewish merchants are integral to the economic life of Harlem. However, this relationship is not devoid of tension, as suggested by the following lines: "Yom Kippur, no! / Shops all over Harlem / close up tight that night." Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, is a time of reflection and religious observance, leading to the closure of shops. This moment of cultural difference is noted with a sense of understanding, yet it also emphasizes the separation between the Jewish merchants and their predominantly Black customers.

The poem then touches on a common stereotype: "Some folks blame high prices on the Jews. / (Some folks blame too much on Jews.)" Hughes acknowledges the prejudices that exist, including the scapegoating of Jews for economic hardships, a sentiment that has been historically pervasive. However, Hughes also critiques this mindset by noting that "in Harlem they don't answer back, / Just maybe shrug their shoulders, / 'What's the use?'" This response reflects a resigned acceptance of the situation, a recognition of the futility in confronting these tensions head-on. The repetition of "What's the use?" encapsulates a sense of disillusionment or defeat, perhaps both on the part of the Black community in Harlem and the Jewish merchants who endure these stereotypes.

As the poem progresses, Hughes shifts into a more rhythmic and musical tone: "What's the Harlem / use in Harlem / what's the lick? / Hey! / Baba-re-bop! / Mop! / On a be-bop kick!" This shift introduces a jazzy, improvisational rhythm that mirrors the dynamic cultural life of Harlem, where music, particularly jazz and bebop, plays a central role. The playful language here contrasts with the earlier, more somber reflections, injecting a sense of vitality and resilience into the poem. It suggests that, despite the underlying tensions and the difficulties faced by both communities, there is still a vibrant cultural pulse that drives life in Harlem.

The poem concludes with a profound observation: "Sometimes I think / Jews must have heard / the music of a / dream deferred." Here, Hughes draws a parallel between the Jewish experience of persecution, displacement, and marginalization, and the similar struggles faced by African Americans. The phrase "music of a dream deferred" alludes to one of Hughes' most famous themes—unfulfilled aspirations and the consequences of systemic oppression. By suggesting that Jews "must have heard" this music, Hughes acknowledges the shared history of suffering and the resilience that both communities have had to develop in the face of adversity.

"Likewise" is a nuanced exploration of the interactions between Jewish merchants and Black residents in Harlem, framed within the broader context of racial and cultural tensions. Through his blending of straightforward narrative, cultural critique, and rhythmic improvisation, Hughes captures the complexity of these relationships, the stereotypes that persist, and the potential for understanding through shared experiences of marginalization. The poem ultimately suggests that, despite the differences and challenges, there is a common thread of resilience and hope that unites these two communities, even if it is not always fully recognized or acknowledged.

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